Awareness of Human Health Risks Associated with Antimicrobial Residues in Beef and Related Antibiotic Use Practices Among Cattle Producers in Kibaha District, Tanzania

Abstract

Antimicrobial agents have enhanced human and animal health by reducing infections, and they are widely applied in livestock for treatment, disease prevention, and growth promotion. However, misuse, particularly failure to observe withdrawal periods, can result in antimicrobial residues in animal products, leading to allergic reactions and contributing to antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This study assessed awareness of these health risks among 216 cattle producers in Kibaha District, Tanzania. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire in Kobo Toolbox, administered through face-to-face interviews. Descriptive statistics summarized respondents’ demographics, awareness, and practices, while logistic regression examined the influence of age, education, experience, and gender. Findings revealed that although 86.6% had heard of antibiotics, only 38.2% understood withdrawal periods. Half (50.5%) believed antibiotics cure all animal diseases, and 46.7% were unaware of side effects. Awareness of AMR and antimicrobial residues was low, with more than 60% unfamiliar with these terms. Antibiotics were mostly accessed without veterinary prescriptions (81.6%), often with dosing based on past experience. Moreover, 69.8% stopped treatment once animals appeared improved. Older farmers demonstrated some safer practices but also relied heavily on informal drug use. Education had a significant positive effect, with those holding secondary education or higher showing better awareness and practices. Farming experience showed no consistent effect, while gender differences were negligible. Overall, the study highlights high antibiotic use but poor awareness of related health risks, underscoring the urgent need for farmer education, improved veterinary services, and stronger regulation to ensure safe antimicrobial use and protect public health.